Exercise one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exercise one - Essay Example The Appalachian Mountains is distributed in four major sections, these are the Appalachian plateau, ridge and valley, Blue Ridge and the Piedmont. Mount Mitchel is the uppermost summit point located along the low mountain range estimated approximately 6,684 feet. The ridges are evidently the hallmark of the Appalachian ridges. The Valley and Ridge and the Blue Ridge is made of rock formation that are narrow and differentiate the mountains from the neighboring valleys. The ridge tops extend to over a thousand feet above the neighboring valleys and are surrounded by serrated and rough sandstones. The top level of the valleys in the Appalachian Mountains are composed of shales and siltstones. Evidently, a great portion of the Appalachian Mountains is covered in thick forest tress that form a canopy all over the mountain range. On higher level of the mountain, it is engulfed in evergreen forests consistent with spruce and fir. On the other hand, the lower regions of the mountain is cover ed by trees with broad leaves like oaks and

Reflecting on Wisdom Essay Example for Free

Reflecting on Wisdom Essay Using the information presented in Ch. 10 of your text and other scholarly sources, describes the attributes that are commonly associated with wise people. Identify a person you have known in your life or someone you have never met. Write a 700- to 900-word paper addressing the following: †¢What characteristics of wisdom does this individual possess? †¢What makes him or her wise? †¢Which of these attributes do you believe you have developed most fully? †¢Which do you believe you need to develop more fully in the years to come? Explain. My friend Liz is probably the only person who I could really turn to for advice and her wisdom and knowledge has always helped me through the rough times and the good times. I remember meeting Liz one day at school and asked if I could borrow a pencil from her during math class. When I returned it back she said I could have it but to try not to lose it since it is an obvious writing instrument to have. Well, after a few days I noticed she would sit alone during lunch time so I asked her if she wanted to join my friends and I for lunch, ever since we have been best of friends. According to my reading in my Positive Psychology books in Ch. 10 Table 10.2 Classification of virtues and character strengths wisdom and knowledge is cognitive strengths that entail the acquisition and use of knowledge. The defining strengths describe her or what she possesses: creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning, and perspective. She has always been creative since day one when I asked to borrow a pencil. During that time we were learning how to make a cube out of paper and Liz knew how to do the cube without even asking how to make it. She could make things to be productive. I could recall during a campout with a bunch of girls how to make things out of sticks with leaves and such. It was amazing on how much she knew without really knowing how to do it in the beginning. Her open-mindedness was well respected in our little group of friends that luckily for us we could always count on her to see all sides of an argument. Liz was the really the bookworm of the group, she always had some new book of something so she could learn something new. I remember her Astrology phase which lead into other similar aspects like numerology, love signs, birthday meanings. It was an interesting chapter in all of our lives. What makes Liz wise is that she has patience with everyone and everything. She will sit there and listen to you and give advice and a shoulder to lean on. I remember I was having boy trouble and by the third time the guy and I split he wanted me back the next day. I was so confused by him and his emotions that I went to Liz and ask for advice and what does she think. Being that she knew me and my relationship with the guy, she gave me some good comments and advice that still sticks to me today. She said about the pattern that the guy and I had is not a healthy for either of us. She said that he’s just playing with my emotions and using me for a doormat for something else that was really getting his attention. I was young and naà ¯ve to see what was really going on with him and I thought I was really in love with him. The attributes that I believe I developed most fully is the love of learning. I find everything as a challenge. Mastering skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge keeps me busy and absorbing and experiencing new obstacles. My latest mastering skill is calligraphy. At first it was quite difficult but after some time and practice I am able to make important announcements freehand and it makes me giddy and exhilarated that I created such beautiful work without the help or computers. I always did find calligraphy to be extremely hard but after hard work and patience I say I am a complete natural. The one defining strength I believe I need to develop more in the years is open-mindedness. I always thought I was open-minded for new things or even things I thought I was open-minded to. For example, my boyfriend and I are total opposites when it comes to alcoholic beverages. He prefers wines and hard liquor while I prefer fruity drinks and wine coolers. I told him one day I would try wine some time and when he ordered a case of wine from his catalog, without me knowing, that when the UPS dropped off the wine, my boyfriend had some wine glasses out and ready for me to try. At first I was really against it because I wasn’t in a â€Å"drinking mood† but really it was only because of the comments people would make and say about wine on how it’s bitter and sweet in the same time. After I refused the first glass, he said he thought I was open-minded to try some wine. After that it really got to me on how much I thought I was open-minded when in actuality I was closed-minded. Not only on wine was I not open-minded to but on other things and matters as well. After the comment my boyfriend made I made sure I try it before I â€Å"knocked it off† my list. I tried a few wines, red and whites, and noticed I have neutral taste for the both. I could only manage one glass and after that I am good. It is not because it m ade me spin or intoxicated but the aftertaste is what gets to me.

Essay --

In the early 1800’s the United States began to split, but as mid-century came around, the union started to separate drastically. During the period of 1850, until 1861 the union was clearly divided between the north and the sounth. Although the Constitution was not the only factor leading to sectional tension in America, there are many strong points in the North and South favoring the statement, â€Å"By the 1850’s the Constitution, originally framed as an instrument of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord and tension and ultimately contributed to the failure of the union it had created.† When the Constitution was framed in 1787, the founding fathers were concerned about leaving Britain and becoming a Union, as opposed to the issue of slavery that would later prevail. Henry Clay created the Compromise of 1850, which helped solve the problem of slavery in the new territories (Document A). This was not included in the Constitution. When the Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional under the Dred Scott decision. It is evident that although the Constitution is t...

Fashion in 20 Years

Erika Annalisa Sagh 2MEI 20 years of change? The over abundance in brands, the constant development for new products and the continual demand for innovation in style, will certainly remain relevant in 20 years as much as it does today. Fashion will develop quickly in the fields of production development and undoubtedly work forward instead of reliving the passed. However, the most intriguing changes in the fashion world within the next 20 years will be noticeable in the domains of manufacturing and sustainable revitalization of products and how they will connect.In application of the current European crisis it is clear that people are becoming more conscious of where there money is being spent and how they can possibly save more wisely. The morality behind the importance of helping and supporting your own economy will forever remain, though whether it will be practiced may technically be but a theory. Western cultures will continue to seek cheap manufacturing alternatives in second a nd third world countries, because it offers the possibility to over-produce and support the fast fashion addiction.As the evolution in economy triggers a direct growth within the field of manufacturing, the everlasting demand for innovating and luxurious goods will incline as well. These points all aid in allowing actual consumption within the coming years to multiply from its current state. If the future predicts to experience a noticeable growth of consumers, rising to approximately 1. 8 billion, it would be of no surprise that more brands will emerge and companies will be looking into producing their garments and products more quickly to feed the demand.The demand will undoubtedly create an abundance of opportunities for the fashion industry, as developments in style, textile and processing will be forced to transpire. However, as a state for humanity these so called windows of opportunities will possibly not create revolutionary changes. Accounting China’s current regress ion in foreign manufacturing demand, a shift from this current fashion driven country to another developing country may occur.The demand from western-based countries to China is slowly diminishing based mainly upon the fact that quoted prices have elevated beyond comfort. Though China is beginning to manage their organizations better, it raises some issues of whether western demand will remain located or as previously mentioned, shift. China does expect their economy to grow within the upcoming years, however this growth may account solely for domestic demand. In order to continually be apart of the fashion realm, China may have to keep their prices low or have the government interfere.More of the Chinese population is gradually becoming less interested to work in factories, while more comfortable positions within a store or hotel are sought after. In short, as the country grows away from the communistic regime the people will desire a much more comfortable lifestyle away from poor conditions and factory work. Now it is not to say that the manufacturers in other upcoming worlds wont be categorized as sustainable. It’s a known fact that the fashion industry is classified as one of the most polluting industries in the world, and much more focus is now being spent on how to change this.From the amount of fertilizer used in cultivating cotton to the abundant quantity of chemicals exhausted in processing plants, it is evident that the creation of fashion is drastically aiding in the progression of global warming. Though due to the size of the industry, any small changes such as the conservation of fresh water or the protection of environmental status would help. Eva Kruse, Chairman of the Nordic Fashion Association has already begun gathering support from celebrities and international designers to discuss sustainable options.With already 1000 people aboard, their long-term goal is to eventually declare sustainability as a worldwide fashion value. Though they aspire to soon take part in united nation conferences and create a code of conduct for the industry, the possibility of eliminating cheap manufacturing is nearly impossible. It is not saying that if the sector reacts to aspects of this code that it will not create a great impact, but that redesign, reuse and recycle will take precedence over fair wages. Clothing will be designed using biodegradable materials such as bamboo, milk or recyclable plastics and polyester.Clothing will no longer be apart of landmass and the environment itself will be considered more green and clean. However as stated, the use of these materials is undoubtedly more expensive to produce and manufacture into garments. Sustainable machinery will become more expensive to buy and maintain, while health codes, which will be implied, will also account for a raised budget. Since it will be the big companies, which will drive the demand they will be able to influence the consumers to agree with sustainability but p erhaps not price.Prices can fluctuate gradually, however the public will never agree to pay ridiculously high amounts. As fast-fashion will not fade within the near future, people will still demand new seasons and more collection in order to satisfy their materialistic and trendy needs. Companies will have to agree in saving money through cheaper labour and not expect all products to be produced closer to home. Countries such as India, Bangladesh and Cambodia will most likely become visited terrain for production instead of China, whereas the likeliness of African labour is more questionable due to the unstable status of the government and disruption.In conclusion, there are many solutions available in creating a more sustainable fashion industry, however these solutions may be quicker to realize than the issue of fair trade itself. I believe that people are not ready to give up their addiction to buying, and fast fashion is not just a trend but also a new way of life. The idea of m inimalistic buying will have to develop slowly within society, it may visible in 50 years but 20 years seems too soon. The categorized second world countries such as China are progressively becoming first world and it is unsurprising that their production price quotes are higher than before.I believe that if the fashion industry takes a strong shift towards sustainability that affordable manufacturing in second and third world countries will be sought out, to balance and maintain â€Å"cheaper† ticketed prices. In the future, the world may look different because certain countries, which are currently related directly to fashion, may disappear or even change their status, while new countries will appear in order to realize this sustainable aspiration. First step, be kind and save the planet we live on. Second step, find a way to live in a fair trade world.

Measuring Customer Satisfaction at ImageStream Essay

ImageStream Internet Solutions, Inc. is a privately held company in its 9th year of operation. ImageStream engineers, manufactures, and distributes Linux-based routing products for network and Internet applications. ImageStream products are used by Internet service providers (ISPs), governments, schools, and businesses in more than 75 countries around the world. As ImageStream moves toward its next decade, market forces require it, like most high technology companies, to be fast and responsive. The company faces constant change in demands and needs along with the pressures of mission creep in the face of limited resources. It is against this backdrop that ImageStream started its ISO 9000:2000 certification process. This process requires not only the implementation of quality processes, but measurement of their efficacy as well. ImageStream conducts key manager meetings twice monthly, and a company-wide review on a semi-annual basis. During these managerial and company reviews, the senior executives identify key metrics driving the success of the company’s mission, including those metrics that would benefit most from significant improvement. This proposal outlines the use of a customer satisfaction survey and seeks to answer the management question: What is the current customer satisfaction with the level and type of customer service provided by ImageStream? The study will explore the conceptual framework of service quality, the positive and negative impacts of service quality on ImageStream, and the effect of favorable and unfavorable customer intentions on perceived quality using survey research. Armed with the statistical analyses outlined below, the operations management team will identify current trends in customer satisfaction in a proactive attempt to resolve to any issues. Background and Literature Review The study and development of customer service techniques and customer  retention management programs has blossomed into its own industry. This increasing focus on customer satisfaction is not surprising, given the positive correlation between happy customers and successful companies illustrated in countless marketing research studies. This study will outline the relationship between customer satisfaction with service and customer retention at ImageStream. To support the findings, we will conduct an empirical study focusing on the relationship between perceived service quality and customer intentions. Weinstein and Johnson (1999) recommend that companies like ImageStream should spend â€Å"75% of its marketing budget on customer retention strategies† and to strengthen these relationships. Once customers commit to a product platform, and the longer they use and deploy that platform, the more profit ImageStream can realize. Longstanding, satisfied customers will generally continue, or often increase, purchasing, require less operational and customer service support, and be more willing to pay price premiums to remain with the company–all without incurring new customer acquisition costs (Pine, Peppers, and Rogers, 1995). This paper will analyze how ImageStream’s service relationship with its customers produces customer behaviors indicating whether or not a customer will remain an ImageStream customer. The methodology used will follow Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman’s study on this topic (1996). Since replacing lost customers requires new customer acquisition costs, customer retention should be a fundamental performance measure for ImageStream’s executive staff and a key component of the company’s incentive programs (Zeithaml et al., 1996). According to the American Management Association, acquiring a new customer can require five times the investment needed to keep an existing customer (Weinstein et al., 1999). Literature Review Customer service, not surprisingly, has been researched extensively: from the conceptual framework of service quality, to the positive and negative impacts of service quality, to the effect of favorable and unfavorable  customer intentions on perceived quality. We review these concepts in recent literature, and investigate an empirical study focusing on the relationship between service quality and customer behavioral intentions (Zeithaml et al., 1996). Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman (1996) offer a conceptual model of service quality. The researchers postulate that the quality of customer service will determine whether a company retains its customers or loses them to defection. Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman (1996) highlight seven key points: 1.Customer defection has a negative relationship with an organization’s profitability. 2.Retaining current customers costs less than acquiring new ones. 3.Customer retention should be a fundamental component of incentive programs. 4.Companies must advertise not only to attract new customers, but to replace lost customers. 5.Advertising, promotion, and sales costs are required expenses when attracting new customers. 6.In general, at the beginning of a customer/vendor relationship, the customers do not generate a profit for the company. Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman estimate that acquisition cost recovery can take as long as four years. 7.Positive customer assessments of service quality lead to positive behavioral intentions, strengthening the relationship between the customer and the company. Negative assessments, on the other hand, create unfavorable customer behavioral intentions. The unfavorable conditions weaken the customer/vendor relationship. Based on their research and observations, Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman  (1996) believe that expressed or observed behavioral intentions can indicate whether or not customers will remain with an organization. Reinartz and Kumar (2000) challenge Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman’s assertions that customer retention always leads well-managed companies to profitability. Reinartz and Kumar (2000) argue that long-term customers are not always the most profitable customers, and dismiss research assuming that loyalty equates with profitability as a gross oversimplification. Reinartz and Kumar (2000) contend that managers should not automatically assume increased lifetime spending, decreased costs of service, and decreased price sensitivity for long-term retained customers. Reinartz and Kumar (2000) go further in also disputing the idea that long-term retained customers require lesser marketing investment by companies. Their research concluded that long-term customers often have inactive purchasing periods unrelated to their retention by an organization (Reinartz and Kumar, 2000). During these dormant periods, these customers are at best a break-even proposition for organizations, and often consume marketing and service resources resulting in net losses during periods of inactivity. Reinartz and Kumar (2000) found that short-term customers may be as significant to customers as longtime clients. Other research indicates that organizations struggling with a single approach to satisfy all customers can end up with â€Å"inefficient and inappropriate levels of service† (Cohen, Cull, Lee and Willen, 2000). Cohen, Cull, Lee and Willen (2000) conclude that organizations must customize their service to meet each customer’s individual needs. Superior service generates favorable behavioral intentions in customers, including increased future spending, acceptance of price premiums, â€Å"word of mouth† referrals, and, ultimately, customer retention (Zeithaml et al., 1996). Research suggests that most employees have a â€Å"true customer orientation† in that they understand their customers’ needs, and possess empathy and respect for their customers (Bitner, Booms and Mohr, 1994). Quality service builds customer faith in the organization, and â€Å"is essential for maintaining competitive advantage† (Berry, Parasuraman and Zeithaml, 1994). Since quality customer service can generate positive behavioral intentions, quality service strategies are effectively profit strategies for organizations. Research illustrates this link between service and profitability, as Keaveney (1995) found that customer defections can cost an organization future revenue stream. As customers’ intentions toward a company improve, the results include new customers, increased business with existing customers, fewer lost customers, and added pricing power (Berry et al., 1994). Berry and Parasuraman (1997) stress the creation of customer feedback channels as a component of quality service. Listening and responding to the customer’s needs in a quality way has a â€Å"direct effect on the quality of service provided† (Berry and Parasuraman, 1997). This focus on customer feedback drove the purpose of this series of papers. Evidence, such as Keaveney’s study, highlighting the role customer loyalty plays in making an organization more profitable makes it imperative that companies quickly and proactively address concerns, complaints and other unfavorable behavioral intentions among their customers (Tax, Brown and Chandrashekar, 1998). Tax, Brown and Chandrashekar’s point also applies in a comparative sense as well. Organizations can potentially provide satisfactory service that nonetheless lags other competitors’ service offerings. In these cases, customers may defect because of the attraction of comparatively superior service offerings from a competitor. Managers of service departments and service companies must recognize this comparative measure, and realize that some customers will defect even when they are satisfied with a former provider (Keaveney, 1995). Customers display favorable intentions such as praising the company, expressing a preference for the company to the company or to other consumers, continuing and/or increasing purchasing volumes, paying price premiums, and making recommendations to others based on their satisfaction with the company (Zeithaml et al., 1996). Satisfied customers stay loyal to an organization longer, pay less attention to competitive products, exhibit less price sensitivity, offer service improvement or expansion ideas to the organization and cost less to service over time than new customers (Weinstein et al., 1999). When dissatisfied, customers display unfavorable intentions such as expressing an eagerness to leave the organization, decreasing purchase patterns, voicing complaints to the vendor, complaining to others, or taking legal action against the organization (Zeithaml et al., 1996). When customers do leave an organization, many choose to do so quietly with the intention of â€Å"getting even by making negative comments† to others about the organization (Tax and Brown, 1998). Since defecting customers can impact current and future revenue streams, properly identifying dissatisfied customers and understanding why customers defect can be valuable tools in improving customer retention management programs. Companies must implement strategies to overcome potential customer defections. Retention efforts should begin as soon as organizations acquire new customers. The organization should proactively attempt to learn and address customer needs and resolve any complaints or concerns quickly (Weinstein et al., 1999). Weinstein et al. (1999) suggest several ways to build loyalty and increase favorable behavioral intentions in customers. They suggest that organizations could embed sales staff at the offices of their best customers, participate in their customer’s events or promotional efforts, interview their customer’s customers, conduct retreats with major customers to share best practices and to train customers on company products and services, develop a preferred customer pricing strategy, reward customers for referring new business, solicit feedback on product development roadmaps, and even partner with key accounts on industry research projects (Weinstein et al., 1999). SERVQUAL Among the most popular assessments tools of service quality is SERVQUAL, an instrument designed by Berry, Parasuraman, and Zeithaml (1994). Through numerous qualitative studies, they evolved a set of five dimensions ranked consistently by customers as central to service quality, regardless of the  service industry. Berry, Parasuraman, and Zeithaml (1994) defined these dimensions as: *Tangibles: the appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel, and communication materials; *Reliability: an ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately; *Responsiveness: a willingness to help customers and provide prompt service; *Assurance: the knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to convey trust and confidence; and *Empathy: the caring, individualized attention the firm provides its customers. Based on the five SERVQUAL dimensions, the researchers also developed a survey instrument to measure the gap between customers’ expectation for excellence and their perception of actual service delivered. The SERVQUAL instrument helps service providers understand both customer expectations and perceptions of specific services, as well as quality improvements over time (Berry, Parasuraman, and Zeithaml, 1988). Analysis of customer responses to a SERVQUAL questionnaire presents numerous potential practical implications for companies and their customer service teams. Scope We will conduct a study of all ImageStream customers (the â€Å"population†) by e-mailing or mailing a questionnaire to companies listed in ImageStream’s internal records. The study will take less than one month to complete. We will contact all customers and direct them to the on-line survey, and follow up with customers who have not responded after two weeks. We will end the study after four weeks, and expect 25%-30% participation. We base this estimate on the response rate of similar studies mentioned above. A response  rate of at least 10% will yield a significant sample, enabling us to make conclusive findings and recommendations. Methodology We identify three determinants of customer satisfaction with ImageStream: service quality, solution quality, and price (through a measure of perceived value). Data on customer satisfaction, service quality, solution quality and price will be collected through the attached questionnaire survey. The questionnaire adapts the SERVQUAL instrument developed by Berry, Parasuraman and Zeithaml (1998) and uses a combination of Likert-scaled, dichotomous and unstructured questions. The use of both bipolar Likert/dichotomous and unstructured questions allows us to benefit from the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative research. The use of quantitative questions allows us to obtain a high degree of reliability and validity using the scientific method, and enables others to more easily repeat or replicate our study. The qualitative questions provide background for customer responses, and help to identify any underlying issues highlighted by the quantitative research. Triangulation, in this case the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, allows us to overcome the weakness of using only one research technique. We do not assume that there is only one reality and believe that different research methods will reveal different perspectives. Using quantitative and qualitative triangulation allows us to use different sets of data, different types of analyses, different researchers, and/or different theoretical perspectives to study customer service. The quantitative question results will provide data that we can subject to complex statistical analyses. We will combine the quantitative question responses to determine central tendencies and dispersion of the data, including measures of mean, standard error, median, mode, standard deviation, variance, kurtosis, skewness, and range. We will analyze the  results of each question and of the study as a whole. Based on the results of the analysis above, we will develop regressions to identify potential relationships between past service experiences, perceived quality, future purchasing behavior, and loyalty. A possible research design for the regression analysis follows. H1: There is a positive correlation between the level of superior customer service and positive future customer behavior. H2: There is a negative or no correlation between the level of superior customer service and positive future customer behavior. H3: There is a positive correlation between the level of inferior customer service and negative future customer behavior. H4: There is a negative or no correlation between the level of inferior customer service and negative future customer behavior. Using these results, we can make conclusions about the management problem defined above. Development of these findings will include the use of anecdotal evidence from the qualitative questions in the survey. We will use the responses to the qualitative questions to support the quantitative findings, and to highlight key issues not covered by the quantitative portions of the survey. Possible Findings Following Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman (1996), we believe that a positive relationship exists between quality service and positive customer behavior as defined above. Additionally, we believe that our research will show that favorable customer behavioral intentions will be higher among customers experiencing no service problems. Customers who have experience problems, but received service to resolve them will show the next highest level. Customers with unresolved service problems will show the least favorable  behavioral intentions. Conclusion Customer service and its effect on customer retention in an organization is a growing area of research, and one that is vital to maintaining quality at ImageStream. This paper examined customer retention and defection from an organization in the context of customer service quality, exploring four areas: 1.A conceptual framework of how service quality affects particular customer behaviors and the consequences for ImageStream, establishing the purpose for this study, 2.Empirical studies that focused on the relationship between service quality and customer behavioral intentions, 3.A triangulated quantitative and qualitative survey to study perceived service levels among ImageStream customers, 4.Follow-on research based on the survey results and statistical analysis, including a summary of expected findings Customer retention branches off into many other significant areas such as value-added services, supply chain relationships, use of information systems to service customers better, and very importantly perceived and expected performance. Organizations have a chance to learn from their customers. The more customers teach the company the more effective it becomes at providing exactly what they want and the more difficult it is for competitors to lure them away from the organization (Pine II et al., 1995). Learning about customers is what this whole retention topic is about. The customers tell the organization what to do to keep them. The strategy is for the organization to learn how to listen and respond. References Anton, J. (1996). Customer Relationship Management: Making Hard Decisions with Soft Numbers. New York: Prentice Hall. Berry, L., Parasuraman, A. and Zeithaml, V. (1988). A Conceptual Model of Service Quality and its Implications for Future Research. The Academy of Management Executive, 8, 32-52. Berry, L. and Parasuraman, A. (1997). Listening to the Customer: The Concept of a Service-Quality Information System. Sloan Management Review, 38, 65-76. Berry, L., Parasuraman, A. and Zeithaml, V. (1994). Improving Service Quality in America: Lessons Learned. The Academy of Management Executive, 8, 32-52. Bitner, M., Booms, B. and Mohr, L. (1994). Critical Service Encounters: The Employee’s Viewpoint. Journal of Marketing, 58, 95-106. Chase, R. and Stewart, D. (1994). Make Your Service Failsafe. Sloan Management Review, 35, 35-44. Cohen, M., Cull, C., Lee, H. and Willen, D. (2000). Saturn’s Supply-Chain Cooper, D. and Schindler, P. (2002). Business Research Methods (6th ed.). Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Cronin Jr., Joseph J. and Taylor, S. (1992). Measuring Service Quality: A Reexamination and Extension. Journal of Marketing, 56, 55-68. Heskett, J., Jones, T., Loveman, G., Sasser, W., and Schlesinger, L. (1994, March-April). Putting the Service-Profit Chain to Work. Harvard Business Review, 164-174. Innovation: High Value After-Sales. Sloan Management Review, 41, 93. Joppe, M. (n.d.). The Research Process. Retrieved January 12, 2004 from http://www.ryerson.ca/~mjoppe/rp.htm Keaveney, S. (1995). Customer Switching Behavior in Service Industries: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Marketing, 59, 71-82. Pine II, J., Peppers, D. and Rogers, M. (1995). Do You Want to Keep Your Customers Forever? Harvard Business Review, 73, 103-114. Pitt, L., Watson, R., Kavan, C. (1997). Measuring Information Systems Service Quality: Concerns for a complete canvas. MIS Quarterly, 21, 209-221. Reinartz, Werner J. and Kumar, V. (2000). On the Profitability of Long-Life Customers in a Noncontractual Setting: An Empirical Investigation and Implications for Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 64, 17. Tax, S. and Brown, S. (1998). Recovering and learning from service failures. Sloan Management Review, 40, 75-88. Tax, S., Brown, S.and Chandrashekar, M. (1998). Customer evaluations of service complaint experiences: implications for relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 62, 60-76. Van Dyke, T., Kappelman, L., and Prybutok, V. (1997, June). Measuring Information Systems Service Quality: Concerns on the use of the SERVQUAL questionnaire. MIS Quarterly, 21, 195-208. Weinstein, Art and Johnson, W. (1999). Designing and Delivering Superior Customer Value: Concepts, Cases, and Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Whyte, G., Bytheway, A., and Edwards, C. (1997). Understanding User Perceptions of Information Systems Success. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 6, 35-68. Zeithaml, V., Berry, L. and Parasuraman, A. (1996). The Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality. Journal of Marketing, 60, 31-46.

Lab Report on Respiratory Physiology Essays

Lab Report on Respiratory Physiology Essays Lab Report on Respiratory Physiology Paper Lab Report on Respiratory Physiology Paper Timer (with a second hand) Glass Urinary and Salivary pH (litmus) paper Drinking straw Procedures: 1. Measure 2 ounces of water in a glass. Obtain the pH of the water in the glass. Record the water pH prior to experiment. Have the subject blow air through the straw into the water and keep blowing into the water for 2 minutes inhaling between exhalations. The subject should be breath as normal as possible while doing this activity. Measure and record the pH of the water in the glass. 3. Empty the water from the glass and refill it with fresh water. Have the subject do vigorous exercise for 5 minutes. 4. Immediately after exercise have the subject blow into the water for 2 minutes (inhaling between exhalations). Measure and record the pH of the water in the glass. 5. Empty the water from the glass and refill it with fresh water. Have the subject rest for 5 minutes. 6. Have the subject blow in the water for 2 minutes (inhaling between exhalations). Measure and record the pH of the water in the glass. Analysis and Data: 1. The pH of the water measured is close to a 7 on the pH scale. 2. After the subject blew air into the straw, the pH of the water was about 5 on the pH scale at first, but then turned neutral again. The subject did vigorous exercise for 5 minutes. 4. The pH of the water after the subject was exercising was about 6-7. 5. After refilling a new glass of water, the pH of the fresh water was about 6.

The True Villian in Ethan Frome essays

The True Villian in Ethan Frome essays Edith Whartons Ethan Frome was a novel marred by tragic irony. Its main characters, Ethan, Mattie, and Zeena, are each consigned to a lifetime of misery and despair. They have no one else to blame but the evil villain of the story, which is a character that has drained the will of all who encounter it. This character is none other than the vile town of Starkfield itself. Starkfield is a fictitious town located in the state of Massachusetts. In the introductory chapter Harmon Gow, a village stalwart, remarks to the narrator: All the smart ones got away. Each year it is host to harsh winters and below average summers. Settings like these have been known to drive people to the brink. That is how it effects the main characters with Zenna in particular. After inhabiting Starkfield for a number of years she became a haggard woman whom Ethan disgusted. Ethan himself is affected by the morose scenery( although his despair stems mostly from Zeenas constant bickering ). Mattie, a young and vibrant character, isnt too much worse for wear when Zeena sends her away. She simply hadnt stayed long enough to experience the mental erosion caused by Starkfield. The solitary confinement is another aspect of Starkfield that has a withering affect upon the minds of our characters. The duration of a trip from the Frome household to town is many hours. The people you interact with are the ones you will see your whole life. On the rare occasion you happen to come across a newcomer, the reaction will usually be that of curious delight. That is the reaction Ethan has when he is forced to live with Mattie. Due to the extreme isolation he becomes afflicted with an obsession for Mattie. Zeena instantly becomes an inescapable object of revulsion for Ethan. The most critical toll Starkfeild exhumes from the main characters is one of imprisonment. In the final pages of the book is ousted by an enraged Zeena. Ethan, now...

8 Pro Tips on How to Write a Breathtaking English Speech Essay

8 Pro Tips on How to Write a Breathtaking English Speech Essay 8 Pro Tips on How to Write a Breathtaking English Speech Essay A speech is similar to an essay, except that a speech is meant to be spoken, while an essay is meant to be read. In fact, most speeches are usually essays that are read aloud, with a few changes made to keep the audience listening. If you wish to write a good English speech essay to keep your audience engaged till the end, here is a list of good speech writing tips that you can follow: 1. Plan the Speech Before getting down to writing a speech, first you should plan it considering the occasion, the audience, the tone and the duration. Speeches can be informal, formal, sombre, humorous or business-like, depending on the event and the audience it is required for. 2. Pinpoint the Main Theme Next, you have to identify the main theme of the speech, and how you are going to deliver it to the audience. If it is a wedding speech, the main theme would be congratulatory, while for business speeches, the theme could range from the launch of a new product to company results. 3. Gain Attention Make the opening lines of your speech interesting enough to make people want to listen to the whole speech. You can use a joke, quotation, an anecdote, an assertion or a thought-provoking question while drafting the introduction. This intro should not be longer than 30 seconds. 4. Make a List of the Points You Wish to Cover Just as you write informative essays, make a list of the things youd like to cover in your speech. Remember that the main goal is to involve the audience, thus, you should mull over the hot point. 5. Organize This List Arrange the collected points, so that they support each other. Add or remove points, as required, to make the overall theme of your speech clear. Also ensure that the speech does not exceed the time limit. 6. Main Content The main content of your speech is nothing but a smooth transition from one point to another. You can use jokes and anecdotes between the points to maintain attention and keep the audience from dozing off (which often happens during the long speeches). 7. Write the Conclusion The conclusion of the speech should be just as strong as the introduction. You should summarize the points you have spoken about in your speech, before wrapping up with the comments or questions that will force your listeners thinking and talking about. 8. Most Speeches Go through a Number of Drafts, before They Are Finally Perfect While drafting your speech, first write it out in full, before putting it away. After some time, go back to it, evaluate it, and make changes if they are needed. Write as many drafts as you need, until you are totally satisfied with your speech. Now your impressive speech is ready for the big occasion! Need speech writing help from experts? Visit our service.

Graphs, variables and methods of data collection Essay

Graphs, variables and methods of data collection - Essay Example They are divided into numerous pieces, which give clear comparison side by side (Freud 05). For clearer comparison, various graphs should be evenly spaced using the right scale and by observing accuracy when plotting the various points. This paper will examine four types of graphs including Line graphs, Bar Graphs, Pie Charts and Histograms, as presented in different news mediums. In the line graph that is examined, the variable used on the X-axis includes months and that on the Y-axis is revenue in million dollars. The data collection methods include questionnaires and sampling. This line graph shows that, despite the increase in market share, the income has not increased significantly. The other type of graph that is examined is Pie chart. The variables used here include occupancy in terms of revenue earned, which is shaded in green and un-occupied rooms represented by the un-shaded region. The data collection methods used includes sampling, questionnaires and surveys. The pie charts compare the occupancy rates between years 2007 to 2009 for Ritz-Carlton and All Marriott hotels. Further, the pie chart shows that Ritz-Carlton has more clients as shown by high occupancy rates compared as with All Marriott brands (Freud 25). Histogram is the third type of graph that is reviewed. The methods of data collection used include questionnaires, surveys, and sampling. The general conclusion is that the histogram compares the sale of light vehicles amongst General motor (GM), Ford, Chrysler, Toyota, Honda and other small manufactures of light vehicles. In addition, the graph shows that many light vehicles were sold by all the companies between 2006 and 2008 as compared to 2009 to 2010 (Jelen 25). The last graph that is examined is a bar graph. The variables used are fuel consumption in terms of liters, on the X-axis and percentage of sales made, on the Y-axis. Data collection methods include

Offshoring Creates More U.S. Jobs Than It Kills Research Paper

Offshoring Creates More U.S. Jobs Than It Kills - Research Paper Example In an event that a firm relocates its relatively inefficient production parts abroad, where they can be more cheaply produced, it can be able to expand its output through the stages that it has comparative advantage. As a product, the average productivity of the remaining employees increases due to the change in the workforce composition. In addition, structural changes that boost the remaining workers’ productivity are also likely. These benefits emerge due to offshoring service or material inputs because of the access to new varieties of input (McCarthy 70). Offshoring of businesses abroad by United States firms enhances the likelihood of more benefits that can lead to job creation locally. Offshoring service inputs such as information and computing services from other local firms is more likely to enhance the prospects of job creation in the country. The impacts of material and service offshoring on productivity translate into job creation locally (Wei and Amiti 4). This is because offshoring could lead to higher labor demand due to scale effects. Due to higher productivity, lower prices will be reduced and therefore enhancing competitiveness of the United States companies. The effect of this outcome is that US firms will be able to expand and create more jobs abroad and more importantly locally due to the rise in demand of their goods (Wei and Amiti 4). High productivity companies are more likely to engage in global production strategies that could help reverse the jobs lost locally. Offshoring tends to boost productivity and reduce costs, thus prompting firms to expand domestic hiring to offset the lost jobs to overseas workers. Several studies have established that offshoring has no impact on native... The above discussion clearly supports the argument that offshoring creates more jobs in the United States rather than killing job creation. It points to the reality that while offshoring may be a painful endeavor particularly in the short run, it is a necessary occurrence for long-term benefits. As has been noted, offshoring helps to create jobs through various aspects such as enhanced productivity, reduced cost of production and boosting national economy among other ways. This report makes a conclusion that the realities of globalization and other developments around the world inform the need for American companies to engage in offshoring as a means of not only remaining competitive, but also of improving the United States overall economy. American companies, like other companies in the world, have to adjust to new realities in the world. They should, on one hand support real global competition, and on the other hand, support local workers and national companies. Offshoring provides this unique opportunity for these companies to achieve this goal. Offshoring prompts American firms to do broad adjustments in attitudes and knowledge regarding changes in the global economy in order to reach the right balance of policies that promote the ideal long-term global competition, and adopts near term measures that counter policies that threaten creation of jobs domestically. Strategies adopted by American firms should protect domestic workers, but at the same ti me ensure that it boost national economy in order to increase job opportunities among the national population (Heineman para16). This will also be important in enabling the United States workers to engage and pursue higher-level jobs.

Argument about smoking in malls Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument about smoking in malls - Assignment Example The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 47 million people in the United States aged above 18 years smoke, and as a matter of fact, over half of this population will suffer disabilities or die (Berton, 2006). Smoking should be banned in malls, as the consequences suffered from smoking and secondary smoking are far too grave. Effects of secondary smoking to non-smokers in Malls Secondary smoking is a condition in which non-smokers inhale smoke from smokers’ act of smoking in public places. Research shows that over 4000 compounds are contained in second hand smoke from smokers of which 200 are poisonous. This is a dangerous trend as the smokers not only put there health in danger but also jeopardize the health of the individuals in the mall. Should the banning of smoking be implemented in malls, many lives would have been rescued from the impending danger that these secondary smoke pose to the general public that use the mall, including children of all ages that s eek various services from the many amenities that are hosted in a mall (Patrick, 2008). A demerit will however be to the businesses in the malls that sell cigarettes. The banning will probably mean that malls will be a no smoking zone, quickly diminishing the market that would be available for the cigarettes that many business premises carry out in these malls. This will also translate to a lot of losses that the government gets from hefty revenues that governments get from the sale of cigarettes. Probable steps in reducing the population that smokes A large fraction of the population worldwide is known to smoke. It is reported that a third of the entire male population worldwide smokes. A lesser statistic is however documented for female smokers though it is steadily rising. By banning smoking or introducing stringent measures about smoking in malls, a large population is bound to eventually lose the habit. This would be a big step to most countries as the number of diseases that a re related to smoking cases is so alarming. It is also established that smoking kills one out of 10 that die globally. There is no doubt at all that reducing the numbers via such an action would prevent numerous deaths and fatal ailments that smokers usually undergo but won’t just stop due to the addiction suffered (Joelle, 2002). The reduction of smokers will however cause a big blow to the manufacturing industries, the government for its revenue and advertising houses that all make huge profits from activities related to smoking or cigarettes in general. There is also a danger of withdrawal symptoms that will be exhibited by most ex-smokers, a condition that always cause irritability and the reduction of concentration, factors that may really affects ones daily activities. Reduced Influence on underage Children and Teenagers Even though it is recorded that a majority of teenagers get into smoking as a result of peer pressure from fellow peers, a large percentage can be infl uenced into the habit just by public exposure in places like malls and public parks. It becomes worse when they see an influential figure publicly smoking in a mall; something that will make them conclude that the habit is cool. Apart from just the influence, teenagers and children are also prone to health hazards that might be impacted by secondary smoking. Should smoking be banned or limited in malls, many kids are bound to escape forced introduction into

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 71

Reflection - Essay Example complish God’s will.† This is the actual meaning of life; that is, to attain God’s will by making the best use of your competencies that He has blessed you with. Secondly, as Johnson (1990, p.17) asserts, I would also like the world to believe that that we find the true happiness in worldly possessions, positions, wealth, and status, if only we are able to relate the acquiring of these to God’s will. For me, true happiness, which is the essence of life, comes not from worldly possessions but from obedience of God. Thirdly, my last lesson is that one should limit one’s lust for the world. One should start living according to ethical boundaries set by God, because only then will God intrude in one’s matters to shower His blessings. The German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, contradicts this viewpoint with his idea of nihilism, in which he argues that human existence does not have any meaning. According to him (as cited in Keiji, 1990, p.29), t he idea of afterlife is so strong that the worldly life becomes meaningless. This idea denies the importance or the ultimate meaning of life. Still, I believe that it is important to spend this life whole-heartedly while remaining within the ethical boundaries. Sharpe and Bryant (2005, p.130) raise the concern in their book: Does the success of science mean that we must abandon the Divine like a plaything we once loved but have now outgrown? Such and other concerns raised by the authors make us ponder upon the relationship between science and religion. This course has, thus, impacted my understanding of science and religion to a great extent because I have been able to understand how science has proven what religious scriptures mentioned many hundred years ago. I have understood that science and religion do not stand far apart; instead, they strengthen each other’s claims and findings. I have understood that Diving power can never be put in the background or can never be forgotten, because it is the Divine that

Theories of Justice (Nozick's theory of distributive justice, compared Essay

Theories of Justice (Nozick's theory of distributive justice, compared to Rawls ) - Essay Example Out of the four theories of distributive justice, the only theory that has the most reliability is "justice as entitlement. This Nozickian theory is frequently thought as a response to Rawls' "justice as fairness" for the reason that it is a theory of extremes in comparison. "Whilst Rawls uses the original position to generate a model of fairness, he, does not take critically the distinction between persons since it extremely limits people's rights to utilize their own natural and social possessions" [5]. Robert Nozick's "Entitlement Theory" establishes a system of distribution that permits for holdings to be attained as well as transferred by means of legitimate means. This is in disagreement to a redistributive type of justice, like Rawls', which is an effort to level the difference by taking from a little to give to others who don't have as much. Nozick's form of distribution consists of the respect for people as well as their holdings by means of allowing the free market to be a basis of society. Thereby, the government's role in the economic sector would be minimal, allowing for increased productivity levels for those that engage in the free market. The rights of the citizens, and of legal aliens, of a liberal democratic state should not be infringed upon through the use of taxation or illegitimate transfers of holdings; self-ownership is a right that all people in a liberal (the broad sense) state could agree on. Taxation is a form of forced labor by Nozick's account. Rawls' would argue that taxation is fundamental in maintaining public institutions and goods that benefit all in some cases and those in most need. "Taxation would provide those most needy with a base-needs minimum. Nozick's objection to redistribution is that it uses some people as "means to other people's ends" This derives from Immanuel Kant's notion that we should not "treat others as means to our own or other people's ends, but as ends in themselves."[6] I agree with Nozick that taxation for re-distributive purposes is forced labor because it treats people as means; taxes also pay for street light, and the police and defense. These are things that we all benefit from; therefore some taxes (though forced) are beneficial to society as a whole and thus should be implemented. The involuntary transfer from the richer to the poorer caused by taxation is a violation of a person's rights, but if it can be proven that the taxes they pay are advantageous to their own purposes then some might consider voluntarily paying taxes. I think the problem arises when fairness is being questioned. Fairness is hard to come by when taxation is being argued. It wouldn't be fair for some have to pay more for the same service that others pay less. Those that do not have the means would argue that taxing the rich more is fair. Hence, the raising and lowering of taxes, alternates with the change of parties heading this nation in particular. When speaking of how Rawls and Nozick have different view points their ideas of the "separateness of persons," Adam Swift says: "What if I am one of the people made unhappy for the sake of other people's happiness"[6]. This is a question we must consider

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 71

Reflection - Essay Example complish God’s will.† This is the actual meaning of life; that is, to attain God’s will by making the best use of your competencies that He has blessed you with. Secondly, as Johnson (1990, p.17) asserts, I would also like the world to believe that that we find the true happiness in worldly possessions, positions, wealth, and status, if only we are able to relate the acquiring of these to God’s will. For me, true happiness, which is the essence of life, comes not from worldly possessions but from obedience of God. Thirdly, my last lesson is that one should limit one’s lust for the world. One should start living according to ethical boundaries set by God, because only then will God intrude in one’s matters to shower His blessings. The German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, contradicts this viewpoint with his idea of nihilism, in which he argues that human existence does not have any meaning. According to him (as cited in Keiji, 1990, p.29), t he idea of afterlife is so strong that the worldly life becomes meaningless. This idea denies the importance or the ultimate meaning of life. Still, I believe that it is important to spend this life whole-heartedly while remaining within the ethical boundaries. Sharpe and Bryant (2005, p.130) raise the concern in their book: Does the success of science mean that we must abandon the Divine like a plaything we once loved but have now outgrown? Such and other concerns raised by the authors make us ponder upon the relationship between science and religion. This course has, thus, impacted my understanding of science and religion to a great extent because I have been able to understand how science has proven what religious scriptures mentioned many hundred years ago. I have understood that science and religion do not stand far apart; instead, they strengthen each other’s claims and findings. I have understood that Diving power can never be put in the background or can never be forgotten, because it is the Divine that

EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE - Assignment Example This paper discusses the strengths and the weakness of the evidence-based method. This paper also discusses the future and current state of clinical guidelines and the limitations of the guidelines as well. Evidence-based medicine is about solving clinical problems, it does this through a process of bringing together the best evidence of clinical experience and patient values. Clinical efficacy is a critical assessment of anything you do which is aimed at making a change in practice as a result of having a positive outcome. The main purpose is to improve patient and care experience. Clinical effectiveness measures outcomes on an individual patient level. Clinical effectiveness studies help healthcare professionals to understand how to design treatments based on patient variation rather than cost. Clinical effectiveness is about the right people, doing the right thing, the right way, in the right place, at the right time with the right result (Graham 1996). In the context of my practice as a  podiatrist, the right person would primarily be well-trained and a member of the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC), with knowledge of the new advances in podiatry, such as local anaesthesia, nail surgery, diabetic feet and gait analysis. All the above specialities need extended training such as Continuing Professional Development. Clinical effectiveness doing the right thing is aimed at making clinical practice more accurately based on the use of investigations that have been proven to be effective relative to the specific patient needs (Graham 1996). To do things in the right way it is necessary to have a well-trained and competent work-force that has clear responsibilities and works together in this new era of podiatry to deliver the best value healthcare possible. The right result refers to the maximization of health effects,

Treatment Programs for Criminals Essay Example for Free

Treatment Programs for Criminals Essay Research indicates that helping and guiding individuals who are regarded as criminals and abusers is a very hard task for an individual who is not well experienced due to an increase in crime as a result of various reasons that include poverty, misuse of drugs, and fighting for power among others. Many societies have come up with programs that enable the support of criminals without harsh conditionality. Since the society has developed a growing concern over the criminal behavior which is ever increasing, the justice system is urged to provide a delinquent preventive measure that will be aimed at preventing the young from indulging in criminal activities. Due to growing concerns over the increased number of criminals, countries have formulated programs that will ensure that the criminals involved are restored back to being good people in the society and in the process they have identified rehabilitation and counseling programs as the best way to nature them. As a result such programs play a major role in ensuring that these individuals will afterwards change and become productive members of the society (James and Richard, 2003). Rehabilitation normally involves the teaching and training the criminals who are addicted to a particular behavior to stop the defective behavior and try to become acceptable members of the society. Therefore under this, the society is given the responsibility of assisting these addicts or criminals by helping them to get hope through various programs that they will be educated thus helping them to heal their bodies and mind. The strengths associated with rehabilitation policies are that the criminals will achieve through these Programs education, which allows the offenders the opportunity to re-enter into the society as a responsible and productive citizen. For example, the people who undergo rehabilitation programs are normally allowed to receive counseling and guidance. For example, a rehabilitation program may involve the offenders in doing community work, such as cleaning the environment and activities that they think suits to the foundation of their interests. This will make them appreciate who they are and accept their presence and roles in the particular society (Gask and Usherwood, 2005). Strength for rehabilitating criminals is that there is always a collective supervision that is it will be able to provide an environment favorable enough to meet the special needs of the criminals which will help them to join the society newly as responsible and respected persons. However, rehabilitation is prone to some weaknesses which hinder the process of trying to help the offenders to be good and reliable people in the society. For example, the criminals or offenders subjected to rehabilitation programs feel isolated in the society and thus will not cooperate during the entire process. They view themselves as rejected people in the society who are treated cruelly and unjustly. These aspects make them to feel unworthy in the society and hence after the rehabilitation programs they don’t change but instead continue with bad behavior that they used to engage themselves in, indeed they become more hardened and thus becoming worse criminals. Also another weakness is lack of government support in supporting rehabilitation programs, for example laxity in funding the programs thus few criminals for instance the drug addicts and criminal offenders are subjected to such programs. (James and Richard, 2003) Counseling as a program is regarded as an essential tool in dealing with criminals who have been affected psychologically. This practice is usually used in helping this people to handle issues which are found to be causing factors of the psychological disorders. Occasionally, this practice requires skilled professionals who can deal with issues ranging from education, marriage, individuals and family matters. To do this the counseling professionals are therefore required to have the following in their practices in order to understand the person’s problems. The counselor should have good listening skills, empathy, and be genuine which will require the practitioner to tell the truth even if the subject matter is not that good to the criminal. Therefore one is required to bring out the truth in a way that the criminal will be able to handle and understand his situation; the counselor should give unconditional positive regard and also should have concreteness in providing any information about the problem. (Pham-Kanter, 2001) In this case of criminal cases, we find that many counselors indulge in a number of activities that usually assist the crime victims to come back to their normal status. The following are the methods that are used by the experienced counselors in order to resolve such issues; Therapeutic relationship; under this we find that a better relationship between the criminal and the counselor is established. The criminal is therefore required to build trust and safety on the counselor although sometimes it is argued that the victims finds it hard to build trust on the counselor thus they end up not giving full information about the causative factor of the crime. According to the counseling practices safety is considered as a leading factor to a safety therapeutic trauma work. In this case, the victim may be found to be having a number of characteristics that may hinder him from building trust and safety on the counselor. These factors may include personality temperament. We may also find that when the victim is found to have undergone a number of traumas, the chances of him or her building his trust on the counselor are always high (Eysenck and Hans, 1996). The other method used in counseling is the Dialectical Behavior Therapy which has an objective of dealing with individuals especially the criminals who are known to be suffering from the personality disorders. This therapy indicates that individuals are always found to be responding to the emotional stimulation not normally; this may come up as a result of biological factors and also the way the victim was brought up. This therapy is usually carried out in two forms; that is the weekly psychotherapist that involves the addressing issues that are said to have affected the individual during the week and also coming up with the best resolutions for such factors leading to the victims indulging in crimes. (Gask and Usherwood, 2005) The second form is the group therapy which is directed towards the handling of the interpersonal skills, the regulation of emotions and also enabling the individual to accept and also tolerate the disorder. The importance of the Dialectical Behavior Therapy is that it helps the criminals found to be suffering from the personality disorders to respond to such conditions positively and also bringing up a number of characteristics including that of self-esteem, having and looking for more goals in life and also learning of new methods of behaving. Cognitive way of therapy can also be used whereby it gives the criminal an opportunity to be optimistic and create reality in his prospects and thus reduction of depression. Cognitive therapy aid the dejected individual to be acquainted with life tribulations which are decisive and those that are of no importance which help him to come up with positive life objectives. Also problem solving therapy technique can be applied whereby the cause of depression is identified then it is solved to avoid further damage to the individual attacked. (James and Richard, 2003) Counseling plays a key role in treatment of psychological disorders and criminals with such disorders should be subjected to such programs in order to aid them to recover slowly from such attacks which may affect their lives. Counseling programs designed should be well formulated to address all the problems that the patients with such disorders are facing in the society in order to avoid the repeat of the attacks. These counseling services should be made easier in terms of getting access to it for example building counseling centers in all parts of the country. The relevant authorities should also chip in and offer the counseling services for free or at affordable rates to the members of the society. (Gask and Usherwood, 2005) Relapse prevention therapy can also be utilized to support the criminals to behave normally. It was originally designed as a maintenance program for replace victims. â€Å"RPT entails treatment of addictive behaviors which is used as stand-alone program that in most cases is designed to teach individuals to try and maintain changes initiated in the treatment process† (Pham-Kanter, 2001). Each person has an effective response system to cope with incidences of high risk situations but the problem is the guts to do so† (Pham-Kanter, 2001). Post-implementation survey on suitability of relapse prevention therapy has shown that relapse had decreased significantly as a result of the program. Pham-Kanter explains â€Å"RPT strategies are categorized to three groups; lifestyle modification, coping skills training and cognitive therapies†. â€Å"RPT strategies round up to both cognitive and behavioral techniques and approaches that provide victims of relapse with ways to reframe their habits once more and change processes in learning experiences with setbacks on how they can meet challenges of recovery† (Lorimar, 1999). Life modifications strategies include; exercise, spiritual practices, meditation among others. The professionals who are found to be taking care of the criminals should therefore provide education as a program for healing especially the school going children have to be taught on the repercussions of crime and also the use of drugs. It is a concern that crime is destroying the lives of many people in the world in general. The criminals will therefore be taught on the effects of indulging in crime and other practices like taking drugs because it is the drugs that influence them to engage in criminal activities such as gun crime (Gask and Usherwood, 2005). Drugs really affect the general mechanism of the human body. Sometimes individuals who have taken drugs like marijuana, cannabis, cocaine among others, cannot even go to work. The brain is adversely affected that when children take them their growth is adversely affected. When they know the adverse effects of taking these drugs, they will not desire to carry out crime. Nobody will desire to destroy the lives of their brothers and sisters. Education in this sector can be done both formally and informally i.e. in school and within the homesteads. It can be done informally through plays or video tapes. The media can be used to educate the general public on this issue and that is why operation trident is applauded for its work. This will help in eradicating the vice among the criminals. (James and Richard, 2003) Reference Pham-Kanter, G. (2001): Substance abuse and dependence. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine Second Edition Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, Pp 39-45 Lorimar, M. Palmer, R (1999): Relapse prevention: Overview of Marlette’s cognitive–behavioral model. Alcohol Research and Health, 23(2), 151–160. Ending The Revolving Door Of Crime and Creating Productive Lives Retrieved From: http://www.criminon.org/ Accessed on 1st august 2008 Eysenck and Hans J (1996)-Personality and Crime- Where do we stand Psychology, Crime and Law 2 pg123-134 Gask L and Usherwood T (2005) medical psychiatric issues for counselors London Retrieved from: http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/43/2/93 Accessed on 30th of July 2008 James, Q. and Richard, J. (2003): Crime and Human Nature New York Simon and Schuster pg

Clinical Decision making and the Nursing Process

Clinical Decision making and the Nursing Process Internal and external variables such as the nurses personal experience, knowledge, creative thinking ability, education, self concept, as meshed with the nurses working environment, and situational stressors all can work to enhance or inhibit effective clinical decision making for a nurse. (OReilly, 1993) Clinical decision-making is defined as the ability to sift and synthesize information, make decisions, and appropriately implement those decisions within a clinical setting. Practicing nurses must effectively identify and solve the problems of patient diagnosis and treatment by using such a model. One means of doing so, paradoxically, is to identify the barriers to decision making so they can be overcome by the use of more effective decision-making tools. The nursing process itself involves the need for quality decision-making at every sage of assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation of patient needs and demands. (Nursing process, 2006, Wikipedia) Thus, both p rocesses are interrelated; as to be a good nurse a nurse must be a good decision-maker. Describe Patricia Benners stages of clinical judgment According to the nursing theorist Patricia Benner (2004), the novice nurse has little experience, and must essentially proceed by rote to function as an effective nurse in the clinical setting, such as a first year nursing student who needs constant guidance from other hospital staff members. A recent graduate nurse or advanced beginner possesses some minimal clinical practice and can grasp attributes but not aspects of the clinical setting without constant assistance. In contrast, a competent nurse has a filtering device of experience to know what to ignore and what to assimilate in the clinical setting, based upon greater levels of experience than the advanced beginner nurse. A proficient nurse has made the leap beyond basic competence into a more holistic assessment of understanding of patient needs. Finally, the expert nurse no longer relies upon clearly articulated analytical rules of judgment regarding patient diagnosis and treatment at all, but can proceed to judgment on a mor e intuitive, but still rational level. The expert can deploy both creative thinking and rational thinking simultaneously and effectively in the clinical environment. Discuss the ways in which the nursing process contributes to effective clinical decision-making The nursing process of assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation are dependant upon both the nurses personal qualities as well as upon the setting of the assessment. (Quan, 2006) For example, during the assessment, increased knowledge on the part of the nurse practitioner leads to greater clinical accuracy in judgment. The more experienced nurse knows what to look for, based upon clinical knowledge and personal experience, and can use that observed and filtered knowledge in making a more competent diagnosis. A more competent diagnosis leads to a better-planned and implemented course of treatment, and a better assessment of how and if the treatment is working. (OReilly, 1993) But treatment is not merely a checklist. Intuition is also said to be the hallmark of expert judgment, where intuitively on a subconscious level accumulated knowledge kicks in in helping the nurse understand what, if anything, in the patients state of health may be wrong. Creative thinking when assessing the patients psychological and physical state, the ability to fuse emotion and reasoning in the mind of the seasoned nurse, can lead to a better mental selection of important data and a more effective diagnostic conclusion. (OReilly, 1993) Also, self-concept, the empowered use with confidence of ones knowledge that comes with experience and the practice of years can increase the speed and efficacy of the planning of the treatment and its implementation and evaluation. However, it is important to remember that even in expert nurses, stresses such as less then optimal staffing or undercutting confidence through interpersonal staff conflicts can increase anxiety, and can threaten the ability to make an effective diagnosis. A lack of sleep, an overwhelming patient load, or staff condescension, especially in less confident novice nurses can all inhibit the use of ones personal assessment tools and thus disrupt the process of effective nursing in the clinical environment. (OReilly, 1993) Provide examples of how planning for the provision of nursing care might differ at each stage of clinical judgment. Nursing processes are thus always in a dialogue between the nurses own personal competence (internal factors) and the external stressors of the environment. For example, take a highly contentious situation in the ER when a patient may come in, late at night, complaining of chest paints, agitated, and certain that he or she is suffering a heart attack. A novice nurse, in her process of assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation might merely register the patients emotional distress and immediately call for a doctor specializing in cardiac care, accepting the patients own assessment and diagnosis as if it were valid. The nurses lack of confidence and fear of the possible consequences of an untreated attack might drive her to seek immediate assistance to help in the planning and implementation of a plan to aid a heart attack victim.ÂÂ   An advanced beginner nurse, less shaken by the emotion of patient, but proceeding by rote and by the knowledge given to her by professional mentors during her minimal previous clinical experience, might go down a checklist of evaluating the patients pain, such as where is the pain localized, when the pain began, then asking the patient to describe and rate the pain, and based upon such an assessment, diagnosis the cause and severity of the case before seeing assistance in planning and implementing a treatment plan either for a cardiac condition or for heartburn.ÂÂ   A competent nurse might, by sight, be able to evaluate if the patients pain was nausea, as in heartburn, or if the clutching pain seemed to affect the patients breathing or numb the patients limbs as might be typical of an oncoming heart attack. A proficient nurse might be able to assess the immediate severity of the condition-even if the pain was heart-related, she or he might be able to offer a finer-tuned diagnosis and plan. For example, if the patents angina was life threatening and required immediate care, or if the pain could be taken care of through a nitroglycerin tablet, for example, and patient rest, before a doctor was called for to evaluate the patients physical health and provide advice regarding future heart care.ÂÂ   Finally, an expert nurse might be able to assess, having seen many heart attacks and heart burn patients go through the ER, might know what was needed almost by sight. The expert nurse would likely be also better skilled in comforting the patient and thus lessening the trauma of the patients trip to the ER and the final diagnosis.ÂÂ   However, it is important to remember at all junctures of this decision-making process, that a crowded or understaffed ER can interfere with such holistic judgment, although the more experienced a nurse is in high-pressure situations, the better able he or she will be to filter out such unnecessary environmental static such as an argument with a colleague, the lateness of the hour, or an uncooperative patient. Experience is not a panacea, but combined with an effective use of clinical decision making and the nursing process, experience combined with the simultaneous and effective deployment of rational and intuitive judgment is the best personal asset a nurse offer to a patient.

Othello as the Greater Evil in William Shakespeare’s Othello Essay

Othello as the Greater Evil in William Shakespeare’s Othello What makes one person to be considered evil, while another is considered righteous? The character Iago, in William Shakespeare’s Othello, could be considered evil because of his plot against Cassio and Othello. Othello, could be considered righteous, because he believes his wife has been unfaithful. The line between these two labels, evil or righteous, is thin. Ultimately, actions speak louder than words. Iago is evil in his actions towards Othello, but between the two, Othello is the most evil for reacting to lies in the most violent of ways. The evil in Iago becomes visible from the very beginning of the play. He explains at the beginning how he was passed over for the position of lieutenant by Othello, who gave the position to Cassio. This gives Iago cause for not only hating Othello but Cassio as well. Iago’s hatred for Othello becomes even more apparent by his simple statement "I hate the Moor" (Oth. 1.3.588). His hatred for Othello is partly based on his belief that Othello had an affair with his wife, Emilia. He says, "And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets / He’s done my office" (Oth. 1.3.588). This belief is based purely on rumor and nothing more. It is during this speech that Iago gives insight into his plot to make Othello think that Cassio and Desdemona are having an affair. This will ultimately be the fuel that exposes the evil in Othello. Othello’s deep love for Desdemona is the reason behind the deep hatred he begins to feel. Early on Othello proclaims how happy he is and how much in love he is with Desdemona. "For know, Iago, / But that I love the gentle Desdemona" (Oth. 1.2.572). Othello also seems consumed with passion for Desdemona.... ...ay. These lies may have been planted by Iago, but it is Othello’s own decision to carry out these murders. Should Iago’s soul carry the blame for the lies that had an evil result?   Works Cited Mc Elroy, Bernard. Shakespeare’s Mature Tragedies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1973. Shakespeare, William. "Othello, The Moor of Venice". Literature and Ourselves. 2nd ed. Ed. Gloria Henderson, Bill Day, and Sandra Waller. New York: Longman, 1997. 563-682. Vanita, Ruth. "’Proper’ men and ‘Fallen’ women: The unprotectedness of wives in Othello". Studies in English Literature. 34 (1994): 341-58. Online. EBSCO Publishing. 18 June 1999. Available WWW: http://www.epnet.com. Zender, Karl F.. "The Humiliation Of Iago". Studies in English Literature. 34 (1994): 323-40. Online. EBSCO Publishing. 18 June 1999. Available WWW: http://www.epnet.com.

Theories of Translation Essay

1. Introduction Translation, oral or written, is probably as old as the spoken or written word. Throughout the ages, famous writers have tried their hand at â€Å"the art of translatingâ€Å". Translation is usually defined as the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by the means of an equivalent target-language text. It can be also described as an expression of a sense from one language to another as well as transmission of a written or spoken language to another. However, it is a very broad notion that can be comprehended in a lot of various ways. It is also a multi-staged, creative process. Translation offers us the experience and attitudes of another culture or mentality. We cannot imagine a world without the translations of literary master pieces from all countries. The role of translation is to overcome cultural and linguistic barriers among nations. It is a key process in the development of global connectedness. A translator has several identities. First, a translator is a reader, who should know the text and its social and cultural background. He/she should also try to understand the original author`s feelings and thoughts about life and art. Secondly, a translator is a writer, because he must master two or more languages, and have the professional writer`s knowledge about the languages. Thirdly, a translator is a creator who is able to understand the source text well and to recreate the text which is faithful to the source text. If he is a real artist and a good craftsman, his work may even surpass the original. Fourthly, a translator is a researcher. The literature translation is dependent on literature study, which is the premise of translation. A translator`s four identities are mixed and integrated. Nevertheless, regardless of the degree of embellishment, translation cannot avoid altering the work. An American professor, scholar, linguist and polyglot, Werner Winter wrote that perfect translation was impossible. In his opinion, words, like marble, have certain intrinsic qualities that are indivisible from the form they take. That`s why he compares the translator to a sculptor who attempts to replicate a marble statue without the benefit of marble. But, translation is a worthwhile enterprise, despite the built-in flows. Because of our curiosity about other cultures, translation will likely never go out of fashion. Globalization overcomes spatial barriers, thus resulting in the mobility of people and objects; and a proper contact between different linguistic communities. It is manifested not only in the creation of global market, but also in the significance of travel and international movement of people (mass tourism, business travelling, migration and exile) and in the consolidation of a global communication system that distributes images and texts to any place in the world. These developments emphasize the significance of translation, which has been a key of global communication for decades. Some language theorist emphasize that translation has been neglected in the current literature on globalization. However, although the practice of translating is long established, the study of the field developed into an academic discipline until the second half of the twentieth century. Before that, translation had normally been an element of language learning in modern language courses. (Munday, 2001:7). The globalization theory focuses on mobility and deterritoriallzation, trying to obscure the complexities involved in overcoming cultural and linguistic barriers and to make the role of translation less important. However, many scholars indicate that translation helps us not only to get a better insight into the world, but to get to know ourselves better. The practice of translation comprises the selection and importation of cultural goods from outside a given circuit, and their transformation into terms which the receiving community can understand, if only in linguistic terms, and which it thus recognizes, to some extent, at least, as its own. And because each translation offers its own, over determined, distinct construction of â€Å"otherness† of the imported text, we can learn a  great deal from these cultural constructions – and from the construction of self which accompanies them. The paradigms and templates which a culture uses to build images of foreign offer privileged insight into self- definition. (Riccardi, 2002:17). 2. Theories of Translation There are many translation theories because translating can be viewed from a lot of various perspectives. Some translators claim that they have no theory of translation. But many linguists emphasize that every translator has his own theory of translation. Some persons object to a theory of translation; first of all, because it  seems unnecessary or even misleading. This is seriously true of some wrong theories of translation, but everyone has a theory of translation as to what one should do, how it should be done, and why. Such a theory may be overt or covert; it may be well defined or only vaguely felt. The truth of the matter is that everyone does have a theory of what one should do in translating, and many of these theories are quite inadequate. Good translations inevitably represent effective theories; in other words, organized sets of principles and procedures. A theory,  however, is more than simply a list of rules, for no list could ever cover everything which a translator must or can do. The theory is an organized set of principles pointing the way to finding proper solutions. (Jin and Nida, 2006:7). Translation theorists are usually worried about differences between literary and non-literary text, between poetry and prose, etc. There are many different theories of translation. One reason for that is the fact is that the process of translating can be seen from a lot of various points of view. The other reason is that translating has existed since the beginning of human history. Many language experts point out that traditional translation theorists divided translation into two types. Traditional translation theorists divided translation into two types: literary and non-literary. In literary translation (i. e. , the translation of literature) the translators were both concerned with â€Å"sense† and â€Å"style†. But in non-literary translation the emphasis was on sense. It was meant not to be â€Å"word for word† but â€Å"sense for sense† translation. In the later half of the twentieth century with the advent of Structuralism, Deconstruction and Reader-Response Criticism, Translation Studies took a new turn. (Das, 2008:27). Even nowadays, despite the great variety of translation theories, we don`t have any complete theory of translation. The main reason for that is the fact that translating is utterly a process which depends upon numerous disciplines: neurophysiology, communication theory, psychology, cultural anthropology and linguistics. Actually, it seems inappropriate to speak of â€Å"theories of translation†, since all that has been achieved are several sagacious perspectives on this complicated attempt. If we want to understand the nature of translation, the processes and procedures associated with all kinds of translations must be the center of our attention. Besides, we should point out different attitudes towards the complex task of translating, particular directions which provide good comprehension of interlingual communication. The four major perspectives on the problems of translating are: the philological perspective, the linguistic perspective, the communicative perspective and the sociosemiotic perspective. They should be regarded as complementary and supplementary. On the other hand, they show a historical development of translation. When there are differences in translation, we ask ourselves which of several translations should be the right translation. However, many scholars emphasize that different translations at different points in time â€Å"reflect different style and different ideas about translation†. (Rubel and Rosman, 2003:14). 3. Philologucal Perspective on Translation During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe, the philological perspective on translation was first and foremost concentrated on â€Å"faithfulness† of translation. The philological theories of translation were based on a philological approach to literary analysis and they were concerned with all kinds of stylistic features and rhetorical devices. This approach emphasizes: 1. the source of the thematic and formal features of the text; 2. the stylistic peculiarities of the author; 3. the thematic strructure. The philological approach to translation is source-oriented, author-centered and it does not examine the reasons that account for certain translation behaviour. The philological theories of translation have been concerned primarily with literary texts. Generally, the scholar`s discussions were about the degree of freedom that should be allowed, particulary in the case of Bible translation. Nevertheless, many translators accomplished masterly in combining sensitivity to style. Ocatavio Paz explained the most imprtant limitations of the philological perspective. In the field of verbal expression, Paz defines the function of words both in a poetic and prose text and †here again the emphasiz is on the recognition of the plurality of meaning†. (Schulte and Biguenet, 1992:7). Words create connotations that reflect multiple ways of interpreting the text. A lot of language experts protested strongly against the domination of philology and its methodology in translation theory, with the result that many people began to recognize the necessity of a more linguistic orientation for translation theory and practise. 4. Lingustic Perspective on Translation The developement of linguistic perspective can be attributed to two principal factors: 1. the application of the rapidly expanding science of lingustics to several different areas of intellectual activity (language learning, cognitive antrophology, and semiotics), and 2. machine translation. Linguistic theories of translation are based on a comparision of the linguistic structures of source and receptor texts rather than on a comparision of literary genres and stylistic features. Linguistic approach refers to the approach which makes linguistics the key in translating. Linguistics and the growth of linguistically oriented theory are closely related. Linguistic perspective reflects the trend of language study. Translation studies fought for a proper place of its own. Linguistic approach has largely contributed to the initial scientifization of translation studies. Through the use of transformations, Noah Chomsky and his collegues added a new influental sphere to language structure. Several philosophers have made their indirect improvements of the linguistic perspective as well. A lot of books on translating and on correlations in language structures were published during this period. However, this approach to translation has tended to neglect the semantics of lexical structures. In the second place, this kind of perspective depends too much on the ideal speaker and hearer. There are no such ideal individuals, and the translator must be concerned with the various types of limitations that actual speakers and hearers have. In the third place, linguistic approach to translation neglected verbal communication, and language cannot be discussed as though verbal communication occurs in a cultural vacuum. 5. Communicative Perspective on Translation. Dissatisfaction with a strictly linguistic approach to translation is evidenced in Eugene Nida`s relating translation to a communicative theory, rather than a specific linguistic theory. The book From One Language to Another (de Ward and Nida, 1986), made the communicative approach predominant. When one proceeds from the level of gramatical categories (which are largely implicit) to the level of words, which are symbols for dynamic and explicit features of culture, one is obliged to interpret the meaning of such linguistic units in light of the cultural context. That is to say, the meaning of a unit must be described in terms of the sum total of what it signals in all the contexts in which it is used. (Nida, 1975:6). The communicative perspective demonstrates the significance of several fundamental elements, such as: source, message, receptor, feedback, noise, setting and medium. It also analyzes the problem of encoding and decoding. Communicative approach focuses upon various processes in communication and because of that the relation between sociolinguistics and translation is a very natural one. Any approach to translating established on communication theory has to give great attention to the paralinguistic and extralingustic characteristics of oral and written messages. For persuasive and good outcome, form and content must be inseparable. Eqivavalence is also Nida`s preoccupation. He rejects †free† versus †literal† debate in favour of the concept of formal and dynamic eqivalence – a concept that shifts the emphasiz to the target audience. Eugene Nida`s scientific approach has evolved into a quest for a more systematic classifications of all translation theories, which should be based on linguistics, philology and semiotics. 6. Sociosemiotic Perspective on Translation Sociosemiotic approach to translation has been undertaken by de Ward, Nida and Toury. Language must be viewed as a shared set of habits using the voice to communicate. Language experts point out that the existence of shared values and of regular communication patterns requires empirical investigation. To the extent that speakers share knowledge of the communicative constrants and options govering a significiant number of social situations, they can be said to be members of the same speech community. Since such shared knowledge depends on intensity of  contact and communication networks, speech community boundiers tend to coincide with wider social units, such as countries, tribes, religious or ethnic groupings. (Gumperz and Hymes,1986:16). Scholars indicate that members of the same speech community need not all speak the same language nor use the same lingistic forms on similar occassions: All that is required is that there be at least one language in common and that rules governing basic communicative strategies be shared so that speaker can decode the social meaning carried by alternative modes of  communication. (Gumprez and Hymes, 1986:16). On the other hand, the primary concern of the translator is to transfer the meaning of the source language to the target language. Meaning is the point of departure and the end product of translation operations. It is neither possible nor desirible to reproduce every aspect of meaning for every word in a source text. We have to try, as much as possible, to convey the meaning of key words which are focal to understanding and developement of a text, but we cannot and should not distract the  reader by looking at every word in isolation and attempting to present him/her with a full linguistic account of its meaning. (Baker,1992:26). Semiotics is the scientific study of properties of signing systems, whether natural or artificial. In its oldest sense, it refers to the study within philosophy of sign and symbol systems in general. The modern use of the word covers the investigation of patterned human communication in all its modes. Sociosemiotic approach to translation uses a realistic epistemology that describes the real world. Its starting point is verbal creativity. Sociosemiotic perspective also appreciates the adaptility of the language, the blurred limitations of usage and the ambiguity of meaning, which makes language such a sophisticated tool for dialogue. Besides, this approach is fundamentally interdisciplinary, regarding the multiplicity of codes. In linguistic communication, as in any other communication, there are at least five essential elements involved: 1. the topic (the message transmitted), 2. the code (the system of symbols with which the message is processed and sent out),  3.  the sender (the encoder of the message), 4. the receiver (the decoder of the message), 5. the channel of contact (between the sender and the receiver). Each of these categories of sociosemiotic meaning is related primarily to one or more of these five elements. The complete indications of sociosemiotic theories of translation, are only now appearing. However, they possess the potential for becoming very important perceptives for more definable and adequate outcomes. 7. Conclusion These four major perspectives on the problems of translating do not ivalidate one another. On the contrary, they contribute to a better understanding of interlingual communication. These diverse approaches to the problems of translating are essentialy matters of different perspectives. If the focus of attention is on particular texts (and especially if these are of so-called literary quality), the underlying theory of translation is best regarded as philological. If, however, the focus of attention is on the correspondance in language form and content, that is, on the structural differences between the source and receptor languages, the corresponding theory may be regarded as linguistic. If the focus is on translation as a part of an actual communication process, the corresponding theories may be regarded as communitave. If the focus is on plasticity of language, the corresponding theories may be regarded as sociosemiotic. The purposes of translation are so diverse, the texts so different, and the receptors so varied that one can readily understand how and why many distinct formulations of principles and practises of translation have been proposed. All who have written seriously on translating agree that translators should know both the source and the receptor language, should be familiar with the subject matter, and should have some facility of expression in the receptor language. In discussing the various theories of translation, it is important to recognize that these theories are seldom developed in comprehensive form. In most cases, the theories are far more implicit than explicit. But, many scholars point out that a good transltion can be recognized very easily. In fact this type of translation is distinguished by its elegance and  concision, its attention to natural word order, to the deployment of clauses and phrases more frequently used than their formal equivalent in source language: a good translation is deft, neat and closely shadowing its original. (Newmark, 1991:34). However, the fact that patterns of human behaviour are constantly subject to change means that literary taste and judgement with respect to types of translation also change. There is, therefore, no permanent set of criteria for judging the acceptability of translation, but change also implies fluctuation in judgement. Accordingly, one must expect that over a period of time not only will the attitudes of many people change with respect to a translation, but the same individual may react to a particular translation in different ways at different times, depending on his own emotional state or needs. It seems to me that language experts will perhaps invent some new approach to translation. However, despite the fact that scholars have different opinions about perspectives on translation, translation will never cease to exist. Good translators love their work because it is useful and creative. They love exploring the wods, which are a mirror of their times – of the events, the preoccupations, the inventions and discoveries. Every word represents a treasure of mankind`s wisdom. In my opinion, we can learn so much from the act of translation when we are involved in the process. We can learn about our own writing, our language, foreign language and about language itself. Bibiliography 1. Baker, Mona. (1992). In Other Words. London: Routledge. 2. Das, Bijay Kumar. (2008). A Handbook of Translation Studies. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers &Distributors. 3. Gumprez, John and Hymes, Del. (1986). Directions in Sociolinguistics. New York: Basil Blackwell Inc. 4. Jin, Di and Nida, A. Eugene. (2006). On Translation. Hong Kong: City University Hong Kong Press. 5. Munday, Jeremy. (2001). Introducing Translation Studies. New York:Routlege. 6. Newmark, Peter. (1991). About Translation. UK:Multilingual Matters. Ltd. 7. Nida, A. Eugene. (1975). Language Structure and Translation. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 8. Riccardi, Allesandra. (2002). Translation Studies: perspectives on emerging discipline. Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 9. Ruber, Paula and Rosman, Abraham. (2003). Translating Cultures. Oxford:Berg. 10. Schulte, Rainer and Biguent, John. (1992). Theories of Translation. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 2. Theories of Translation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 3. Philological Perspective on Translation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 4. Linguistic Perspective on Translation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 5. Communicative Perspective on Translation†¦.. 7 6. Sociosemiotic Perspective on Translation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 7. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 8. Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 9. Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13